Does bacteria die when water freezes or becomes ice?

Please provide me with supporting facts to your answer like a website or a reference book.

Does bacteria die when water freezes or becomes ice?
All organisms have some capacity to adapt to environmental stress, but the extent of this adaptive capacity varies widely. Heat, cold, high pressure, and acid or alkaline conditions can all produce stress. Bacteria easily adapt to environmental stress, usually through changes in the enzymes and other proteins they produce. These adaptations enable bacteria to grow in a variety of conditions. Gradual exposure to the stress, for example, may enable bacteria to synthesize new enzymes that allow them to continue functioning under the stressing conditions or that enhance their capacity to deal with the stressing agent. Or they may resist environmental stress in other ways. Some bacteria that live in extremely acidic conditions can pump out acid from their cell.





Extremophiles are organisms that can grow in conditions considered harsh by humans. Some kinds of bacteria thrive in hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor or in oil reservoirs within Earth, at high pressures and temperatures as high as 120oC (250oF). Other kinds can live at temperatures as low as –12oC (10oF) in Antarctic brine pools. Other bacteria have adapted to grow in extremely acid conditions, where mines drain or minerals are leached from ores and sulfuric acid is produced. Others grow at extremely alkaline or extremely salty conditions. Still others can grow in the total absence of oxygen. Bacteria able to function in these extreme conditions generally cannot function under conditions we consider normal.
Reply:No, freezing does not kill all bacteria. In fact, this is one way that bacterial cultures may be preserved, by spinning them down in a centrifuge, and freezing them; some types may have DMSO or other cryoprotectants (to reduce damage to bacterial cells) before they are frozen. Samples may be stored at -20C (common freezer), -80C (research freezer) or -180C (liquid nitrogen).





See also references below, which refer to freezing and even freeze-drying of bacterial cultures to allow them to grow later on.
Reply:I don't think so. However if you boil it, it will kill the bacteria.
Reply:Some bacteria are hardier than others, and thus stay alive for longer at below freezing temperatures. The bacteria found on Mars in its polar ice come to mind. ("Bacteria can be preserved in ice for millennia," so apparently it doesn't kill them all.) There are plenty of different studies where scientists tested to see if bacteria can survive at below zero temperatures, and I found 1 study which concluded that bacteria in fish frequently does not die when merely frozen (see below). They conclude "Although the quality of foodstuffs might be maintained at –1°C for a relatively long term, bacteria on the foods might also survive at this temperature."


Bacteria can also live in the Siberian permafrost. "at any temperature above absolute zero, all molecules vibrate a little. Thus, cells' DNA and other important molecules continue to sustain life-threatening damage." There's a rather lengthy explanation that suggests how bacteria can still keep on going despite this damage at: http://www.astrobio.net/news/article253....
Reply:No but you have a lot of mad bacteria.